Diy Clip on Half Moon Reading Glasses

Form of vision help

Glasses
A modern pair of spectacles
Other names	Eyeglasses, spectacles
Specialty	Ophthalmology, optometry
[edit on Wikidata]

Glasses, also known as eyeglasses or glasses, are vision eyewear, consisting of articulate lenses mounted in a frame that holds them in front of a person'south optics, typically utilizing a span over the nose and hinged artillery (known equally temples or temple pieces) which remainder over the ears.

Glasses are typically used for vision correction, such as with reading spectacles and glasses used for nearsightedness; yet, without the specialized lenses, they are sometimes used for corrective purposes.

Safety spectacles provide center protection against flying debris for construction workers or lab technicians; these spectacles may have protection for the sides of the eyes as well every bit in the lenses. Some types of prophylactic glasses are used to protect confronting visible and near-visible light or radiations. Glasses are worn for eye protection in some sports, such every bit squash.

Spectacles wearers may use a strap to prevent the spectacles from falling off. Wearers of glasses that are used only role of the time may have the glasses attached to a cord that goes effectually their neck, to prevent the loss of the glasses and breaking. The loss of spectacles would exist detrimental to those working in these weather condition.

Sunglasses let for better vision in bright daylight, and may protect one'southward optics against damage from excessive levels of ultraviolet light. Typical sunglasses lenses are tinted for protection against bright light or polarized to remove glare; photochromatic glasses are blacked out or lightly tinted in dark or indoor weather, but plough into sunglasses when they come in contact with ultraviolet light. Most over the counter sunglasses do non accept corrective power in the lenses; however, special prescription sunglasses can be made. People with conditions that have photophobia as a primary symptom (like certain migraine disorders or Irlen syndrome) oft habiliment sunglasses or precision tinted glasses, fifty-fifty indoors and at night.

Specialized spectacles may be used for viewing specific visual information, for case 3D glasses for 3D films (stereoscopy). Sometimes glasses are worn purely for fashion or aesthetic purposes. Fifty-fifty with glasses used for vision correction, a wide range of fashions are bachelor, using plastic, metallic, wire, and other materials for frames.

Types [edit]

Glasses can be marked or establish by their primary office, merely also appear in combinations such every bit prescription sunglasses or safe glasses with enhanced magnification.

Corrective [edit]

Corrective lenses are used to correct refractive errors past bending the light inbound the eye in order to convalesce the effects of atmospheric condition such equally nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hypermetropia) or astigmatism. The ability of one'due south eyes to adapt their focus to near and afar focus alters over time. A mutual condition in people over forty years old is presbyopia, which is caused by the center's crystalline lens losing elasticity, progressively reducing the ability of the lens to accommodate (i.e. to focus on objects close to the eye). Few people take a pair of optics that show exactly equal refractive characteristics; i eye may need a "stronger" (i.e. more than refracting) lens than the other.

Corrective lenses bring the image back into focus on the retina. They are made to conform to the prescription of an ophthalmologist or optometrist. A lensmeter tin can be used to verify the specifications of an existing pair of spectacles. Corrective eyeglasses can significantly improve the life quality of the wearer. Not only exercise they enhance the wearer'southward visual feel, but can besides reduce problems that consequence from eye strain, such as headaches or squinting.

The about mutual blazon of cosmetic lens is "single vision", which has a uniform refractive index. For people with presbyopia and hyperopia, bifocal and trifocal glasses provide ii or three different refractive indices, respectively, and progressive lenses have a continuous slope.^[1] Lenses tin can too be manufactured with high refractive indices, which allow them to exist more lightweight and thinner than their counterparts with "low" refractive indices.

Reading glasses provide a separate set of glasses for focusing on close-by objects. Reading spectacles are available without prescription from drugstores, and offer a inexpensive, practical solution, though these have a pair of simple lenses of equal power, and and then will not right refraction problems like astigmatism or refractive or prismatic variations betwixt the left and right centre. For the full correction of the individual's sight, glasses complying to a recent ophthalmic prescription are required.

People who need glasses to run across oft have corrective lens restrictions on their driver's licenses that require them to wear their glasses every time they drive or adventure fines or jail time.

Some militaries issue prescription glasses to servicemen and women. These are typically GI glasses. Many land prisons in the United States issue glasses to inmates, ofttimes in the form of clear plastic aviators.

Adaptable-focus eyeglasses might be used to replace bifocals or trifocals, or might be used to produce cheaper single-vision glasses (since they don't have to exist custom-manufactured for every person).

Pinhole glasses are a type of cosmetic spectacles that do non utilize a lens. Pinhole spectacles do non actually refract the light or change focal length. Instead, they create a diffraction express system, which has an increased depth of field, similar to using a minor aperture in photography. This form of correction has many limitations that prevent information technology from gaining popularity in everyday utilise. Pinhole glasses can be fabricated in a DIY style past making pocket-size holes in a piece of menu which is then held in front of the eyes with a strap or cardboard arms.

Rubber [edit]

Safety glasses are worn to protect the optics in various situations. They are made with pause-proof plastic lenses to protect the eye from flight droppings or other matter. Construction workers, factory workers, machinists and lab technicians are often required to habiliment safety glasses to shield the optics from flying debris or chancy splatters such equally blood or chemicals. Equally of 2017, dentists and surgeons in Canada and other countries are required to wear safety glasses to protect against infection from patients' blood or other body fluids. There are likewise prophylactic glasses for welding, which are styled like wraparound sunglasses, but with much darker lenses, for use in welding where a full-sized welding helmet is inconvenient or uncomfortable. These are often called "flash goggles" because they provide protection from welding flash. Nylon frames are ordinarily used for protective eyewear for sports because of their lightweight and flexible properties. Unlike most regular glasses, safety glasses oftentimes include protection beside the optics too as in front of the optics.

Sunglasses [edit]

Sunglasses provide more condolement and protection against bright light and often against ultraviolet (UV) light. To properly protect the eyes from the dangers of UV calorie-free, sunglasses should have UV-400 blocker to provide good coverage against the unabridged light spectrum that poses a danger.^[two]

Lite polarization is an added feature that can be applied to sunglass lenses. Polarization filters are positioned to remove horizontally polarized rays of light, which eliminates glare from horizontal surfaces (allowing wearers to meet into h2o when reflected low-cal would otherwise overwhelm the scene). Polarized sunglasses may present some difficulties for pilots since reflections from water and other structures often used to gauge altitude may be removed. Liquid-crystal displays emit polarized light, making them sometimes hard to view with polarized sunglasses. Sunglasses may be worn just for aesthetic purposes, or just to hibernate the eyes. Examples of sunglasses that were popular for these reasons include tea shades and mirrorshades. Many blind people clothing nearly opaque spectacles to hide their eyes for corrective reasons. Many people with light sensitivity conditions wear sunglasses or other tinted glasses to make the lite more than tolerable.

Sunglasses may likewise take corrective lenses, which requires a prescription. Clip-on sunglasses or sunglass clips can exist attached to another pair of spectacles. Some wrap-around sunglasses are large enough to be worn over tiptop of another pair of glasses. Otherwise, many people opt to article of clothing contact lenses to correct their vision so that standard sunglasses can be used.

Mixed doubleframe [edit]

Doubleframe eyewear with one gear up of lenses on the moving frame and another pair of lenses on a stock-still frame (optional).

The double frame uplifting glasses take one moving frame with one pair of lenses and the bones fixed frame with another pair of lenses (optional), that are connected by four-bar linkage. For example, lord's day lenses could exist easily lifted upwardly and down while mixed with myopia lenses that always stay on. Presbyopia lenses could be as well combined and easily removed from the field of view if needed without taking off glasses.

3D glasses [edit]

The illusion of three dimensions on a two-dimensional surface can be created by providing each eye with different visual data. 3D glasses create the illusion of iii dimensions by filtering a betoken containing information for both eyes. The signal, often calorie-free reflected off a movie screen or emitted from an electronic display, is filtered then that each eye receives a slightly different image. The filters merely piece of work for the type of indicate they were designed for.

Anaglyph 3D glasses have a different colored filter for each center, typically red and blue or red and dark-green. A polarized 3D organization on the other hand uses polarized filters. Polarized 3D glasses permit for color 3D, while the red-blueish lenses produce an image with distorted coloration. An active shutter 3D system uses electronic shutters. Head-mounted displays tin can filter the signal electronically so transmit light directly into the viewer's optics.

Anaglyph and polarized glasses are distributed to audiences at 3D movies. Polarized and active shutter glasses are used with many home theaters. Caput-mounted displays are used by a unmarried person, but the input signal tin can be shared between multiple units.

Magnification (bioptics) [edit]

Spectacles can also provide magnification that is useful for people with vision impairments or specific occupational demands. An example would be bioptics or bioptic telescopes which take minor telescopes mounted on, in, or behind their regular lenses. Newer designs use smaller lightweight telescopes, which can be embedded into the corrective drinking glass and improve artful appearance (mini telescopic spectacles). They may take the grade of self-contained glasses that resemble goggles or binoculars, or may be attached to existing spectacles.

Yellowish-tinted estimator/gaming glasses [edit]

Yellow tinted glasses are a blazon of spectacles with a minor yellow tint. They perform small color correction, on tiptop of reducing eyestrain due to lack of blinking. They may also be considered small-scale corrective unprescribed glasses.^[3] Depending on the company, these reckoner or gaming glasses can also filter out high free energy blue and ultra-violet light from LCD screens, fluorescent lighting, and other sources of low-cal. This allows for reduced eye-strain.^[4] These spectacles can exist ordered equally standard or prescription lenses that fit into standard optical frames.^[5]

Blue-light blocking glasses [edit]

Eyeglasses that filter out blue calorie-free from computers, smartphones and tablets are becoming increasingly popular in response to concerns near problems caused by blue calorie-free overexposure.^{[half dozen]} The issues claimed range from dry optics to middle strain, sleep wheel disruption, up to macular degeneration which can crusade partial blindness.^[6] But research shows no measurable ultraviolet radiation from calculator monitors.^{[six] [vii]} Long hours of computer utilize may cause heart strain, not blueish low-cal.^{[half dozen] [viii] [9] [10]} Many eye symptoms caused past computer use volition lessen afterwards stop using the calculator.^[6] Decreasing evening screen time and setting devices to night fashion will improve sleep.^{[eight] [11]} Blue light from computers volition not pb to middle diseases, including macular degeneration.^{[8] [12] [13]}

The American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) doesn't recommend special eyewear for computer utilise,^{[six] [9]} although it recommends using prescription spectacles measured specifically for reckoner screen altitude (depending on individuals, simply possibly twenty-26 inches from the face), which are non the same as "blueish-light blocking" glasses.^[xiv] The position of the College of Optometrists (Great britain) is "the best scientific prove currently available does not back up the utilize of blue-blocking spectacle lenses in the full general population to improve visual performance, convalesce the symptoms of centre fatigue or visual discomfort, improve sleep quality or conserve macula health."^[15] However, some users do find benefits, and some heart professionals believe they have benefits, at least for reducing eye strain.^[9]

Anti-glare protection glasses [edit]

Anti-glare protection glasses, or blue-light glasses, can reduce the reflection of calorie-free that enters the optics. Bluish-light blocking glasses are designed to filter or cake blue light and reduce the center strain from information technology, probable coming from electronic LED screens.^[16] The lenses are given an anti-glare blanket to prevent reflections of light under different lighting conditions. By reducing the amount of glare on your eyes, vision tin be improved.^[17]

The anti-glare as well applies to the outer drinking glass, thus allowing for amend eye contact.^[17]

Frames [edit]

Spectacles, c.  1920s, with springy cablevision temples

The ophthalmic frame is the part of a pair of glasses that is designed to hold the lenses in the proper position. Ophthalmic frames come in a diversity of styles, sizes, materials, shapes, and colors.^[eighteen]

Parts [edit]

• pair of eye wires or rims surrounding and property the lenses in place
• span which connects the ii eye wires
• chassis, the combination of the eye wires and the span
• top bar or brow bar, a bar just above the bridge providing structural support and/or style enhancement (country/Grandad style). The addition of a height bar makes a pair of spectacles aviator eyeglasses
• pair of brows or caps, plastic or metallic caps which fit over the top of the center wires for style enhancement and to provide additional support for the lenses. The add-on of brows makes a pair of glasses browline spectacles
• pair of nose pads that allows a comfortable resting of the eye wires on the nose
• pair of pad arms connect the nose pads to the eye wires
• pair of temples (earpieces) on either side of the skull
• pair of temple tips at the ends of the temples
• pair of terminate pieces connect the eye wires via the hinges to the temples
• pair of frame-forepart pieces
• pair of hinges connect the end pieces to the temples, allowing a hinge movement. Spring-loaded flex hinges are a variant that is equipped with a modest bound that affords the temples a greater range of movement and does not limit them to the traditional, 90-degree bending.

Temple types [edit]

• Skull temples: bend down backside the ears, follow the contour of the skull and remainder evenly against the skull
• Library temples: generally straight and exercise non curve downwards backside the ears. Hold the glasses primarily through light pressure confronting the side of the skull
• Convertible temples: used either every bit library or skull temples depending on the bent
• Riding bow temples: curve around the ear and extend down to the level of the ear lobe. Used mostly on athletic, children'southward, and industrial rubber frames;
• Comfort cablevision temples: similar to the riding bow, only made from a springy cable of coiled metal, sometimes within a plastic or silicone sleeve. The tightness of the curl tin exist adjusted along its whole length, allowing the frame to fit the wearer's ear curve perfectly. Used for physically active wearers, children, and people with high prescriptions (heavy lenses).^{[19] [20]} Come across the image of 1920s frames to a higher place.

Materials [edit]

Plastic and polymer [edit]

• Cellulose acetate
• Optyl, a type of hypoallergenic material made especially for eyeglass frames. It features a type of elasticity that returns the material to its original shape.
• Cellulose propionate, a molded, durable plastic
• 3D-printed plastic using super-fine polyamide powder and Selective laser sintering processes – see Mykita Mylon (The frames can be iii-D printed past Fused Filament Fabrication for pennies of ABS, PLA or nylon)^[21]
• Nylon

Metal [edit]

Various metals and alloys may exist used to make glasses such every bit gold, silver, aluminum, beryllium, stainless steel, titanium, monel and nickel titanium.

Natural material [edit]

Besides natural materials may be used such equally wood, os, ivory, leather and semi-precious or precious stones.

Corrective lens shape [edit]

Modern glasses with a rectangular lens shape

Cosmetic lenses can be produced in many different shapes from a circular lens called a lens bare. Lens blanks are cut to fit the shape of the frame that volition hold them. Frame styles vary and way trends change over time, resulting in a multitude of lens shapes. For lower power lenses, there are few restrictions which let for many trendy and stylish shapes. Higher power lenses can crusade distortion of peripheral vision and may become thick and heavy if a large lens shape is used. However, if the lens becomes besides minor, the field of view can be drastically reduced.

Bifocal, trifocal, and progressive lenses mostly require a taller lens shape to leave room for the different segments while preserving an adequate field of view through each segment. Frames with rounded edges are the most efficient for correcting myopic prescriptions, with perfectly round frames being the nearly efficient. Before the appearance of eyeglasses as a way item, when frames were constructed with merely functionality in mind, most all eyeglasses were either round, oval, rectangular or curved octagons. It was not until glasses began to be seen as an accompaniment that different shapes were introduced to be more aesthetically pleasing than functional.

History [edit]

Precursors [edit]

Scattered evidence exists for use of visual aid devices in Greek and Roman times, nigh prominently the use of an emerald past emperor Nero as mentioned by Pliny the Elder.^[22]

The use of a convex lens to form an enlarged/magnified image was most likely described in Ptolemy'southward Eyes (which survives only in a poor Arabic translation). Ptolemy's description of lenses was commented upon and improved by Ibn Sahl (10th century) and nigh notably by Alhazen (Book of Optics, c. 1021). Latin translations of Ptolemy'south Optics and of Alhazen became available in Europe in the twelfth century, congruent with the development of "reading stones".

Robert Grosseteste's treatise De iride ("On the Rainbow"), written betwixt 1220 and 1235, mentions using optics to "read the smallest letters at incredible distances".^[23] A few years later in 1262, Roger Bacon is also known to have written on the magnifying properties of lenses.^{[24] [25]} The development of the first eyeglasses took identify in northern Italy in the 2nd one-half of the 13th century.^[26]

Independently of the development of optical lenses, some cultures developed "sunglasses" for eye protection, without any corrective properties.^[27] For example, apartment panes of smoky quartz were used in 12th-century China, and the Inuit take used snow goggles for eye protection.^[a]

Invention [edit]

The earliest recorded comment on the utilize of lenses for optical purposes was fabricated in 1268 by Roger Bacon, who was too the starting time European to accept described in detail the process of making gunpowder.^[29]

The showtime eyeglasses were estimated to accept been made in northern Italy, nigh probable in Pisa, by about 1290: In a sermon delivered on 23 February 1306, the Dominican friar Giordano da Pisa (c. 1255–1311) wrote "It is not yet 20 years since at that place was found the art of making eyeglasses, which brand for good vision ... And information technology is so short a time that this new art, never before extant, was discovered. ... I saw the one who starting time discovered and practiced information technology, and I talked to him."^[xxx]

Giordano's colleague Friar Alessandro della Spina of Pisa (d. 1313) was presently making eyeglasses. The Ancient Chronicle of the Dominican Monastery of St. Catherine in Pisa records: "Eyeglasses, having first been fabricated by someone else, who was unwilling to share them, he [Spina] made them and shared them with everyone with a cheerful and willing eye."^[31] Venice quickly became an important centre of industry, specially due to using the high quality glass fabricated at Murano.^[32] By 1301, in that location were guild regulations in Venice governing the auction of eyeglasses.^[33] and a separate lodge of Venetian spectacle makers was formed in 1320.^[32] In the fourteenth century they were very common objects: Francesco Petrarca says in one of his messages that, until he was threescore, he didn't demand glasses,^{[34] [35]} and Franco Sacchetti mentions them oft in his Trecentonovelle.

The earliest pictorial evidence for the use of eyeglasses is Tommaso da Modena's 1352 portrait of the fundamental Hugh de Provence reading in a scriptorium. Another early on case would be a depiction of eyeglasses plant north of the Alps in an altarpiece of the church of Bad Wildungen, Germany, in 1403. These early on glasses had convex lenses that could correct both hyperopia (farsightedness), and the presbyopia that normally develops as a symptom of aging. Although concave lenses for myopia (near-sightedness) had made their first appearance in the mid-15th century,^[32] information technology was non until 1604 that Johannes Kepler published the first right caption as to why convex and concave lenses could correct presbyopia and myopia.^[b]

Early frames for glasses consisted of 2 magnifying glasses riveted together by the handles so that they could grip the nose. These are referred to every bit "rivet glasses". The earliest surviving examples were found under the floorboards at Kloster Wienhausen, a convent well-nigh Celle in Germany; they have been dated to circa 1400.^[38]

The globe's first spectacle specialist shop opened in Strasbourg (and then Holy Roman Empire, at present France) in 1466.^[39]

Other claims [edit]

The 17th century claim, by Francesco Redi, that Salvino degli Armati of Florence invented eyeglasses, in the 13th century, has been exposed as erroneous.^{[xl] [41]}

Marco Polo is mistakenly claimed to accept encountered eyeglasses during his travels in China in the 13th century. However, no such evidence appears in his accounts.^{[42] [43]} Indeed, the earliest mentions of eyeglasses in China occur in the 15th century and those Chinese sources country that eyeglasses were imported.^[44]

In 1907 Professor Berthold Laufer speculated, in his history of spectacles, that for glasses to be mentioned in the literature of Communist china and Europe at approximately the same time it was likely that they were not invented independently, and after ruling out the Turks, proposed India equally a location.^{[45] [c]} Nonetheless, Joseph Needham speculated that the mention of glasses in the Chinese manuscript Laufer used "in role" to credit the prior invention of them in Asia did not exist in older versions of that manuscript, and the reference to them in subsequently versions was added during the Ming dynasty.^[46]

In 1971 Rishi Agarwal, in an article in the British Journal of Ophthalmology, states that Vyasatirtha was observed in possession of a pair of glasses in the 1520s, he argues that it "is, therefore, nearly probable that the use of lenses reached Europe via the Arabs, as did Hindu mathematics and the ophthalmological works of the aboriginal Hindu surgeon Sushruta",^[47] but all dates are given well later on the existence of eyeglasses in Italy was established, and at that place had been significant shipments of eyeglasses from Italian republic to the Eye East, with 1 shipment every bit large as 24,000 glasses.^[48]

Later developments [edit]

The American scientist Benjamin Franklin, who suffered from both myopia and presbyopia, invented bifocals. Historians have from time to time produced prove to suggest that others may have preceded him in the invention; all the same, a correspondence between George Whatley and John Fenno, editor of The Gazette of the The states, suggested that Franklin had indeed invented bifocals, and mayhap 50 years earlier than had been originally thought.^[49] The first lenses for correcting astigmatism were designed past the British astronomer George Airy in 1825.^[50]

Over time, the construction of frames for glasses too evolved. Early eyepieces were designed to exist either held in place by paw or by exerting pressure on the nose (pince-nez). Girolamo Savonarola suggested that eyepieces could be held in identify by a ribbon passed over the wearer'due south head, this in plow secured by the weight of a hat. The modern style of glasses, held past temples passing over the ears, was developed one-time before 1727, mayhap past the British optician Edward Scarlett. These designs were not immediately successful, however, and diverse styles with attached handles such equally "scissors-glasses" and lorgnettes were also fashionable from the second half of the 18th century and into the early 19th century.

In the early 20th century, Moritz von Rohr and Zeiss (with the aid of H. Boegehold and A. Sonnefeld^[51]) adult the Zeiss Punktal spherical betoken-focus lenses that dominated the eyeglass lens field for many years. In 2008, Joshua Silvery designed eyewear with adjustable cosmetic spectacles. They work by using a built-in syringe to pump a silicone solution into a flexible lens.^[52]

Despite the increasing popularity of contact lenses and laser corrective heart surgery, glasses remain very common, equally their engineering has improved. For instance, it is at present possible to purchase frames fabricated of special memory metal alloys that return to their right shape after being bent. Other frames have spring-loaded hinges. Either of these designs offering dramatically better ability to withstand the stresses of daily wear and the occasional accident. Modern frames are also oft made from stiff, light-weight materials such every bit titanium alloys, which were not bachelor in earlier times.

In manner [edit]

In the 1930s, "glasses" were described as "medical appliances".^[53] Wearing spectacles was sometimes considered socially humiliating. In the 1970s, fashionable glasses started to become available through manufacturers, and governments also recognized the demand for stylized eyewear.^[53]

Graham Pullin describes how devices for disability, like glasses, have traditionally been designed to camouflage against the pare and restore ability without being visible.^[53] In the by, pattern for inability has "been less about projecting a positive image as almost trying non to projection an epitome at all".^[53] Pullin uses the case of spectacles, traditionally categorized every bit a medical device for "patients", and outlines how they are at present described as eyewear: a stylish accessory.^[53] Much like other style designs and accessories, eyewear is created by designers, has reputable labels, and comes in collections, by season and designer.^[53] In recent years information technology has become more than common for consumers to buy eyewear with non-prescription lenses every bit a fashion accessory.^[53]

Society and culture [edit]

Market place [edit]

The market for spectacles has been characterized as having highly inelastic need. Advertising restrictions in the United States, for example, have correlated with higher prices, suggesting that adverts make the spectacles market more price-competitive.^[54] It has also been claimed to be monopolistically competitive, as in the instance of Luxottica.^{[55] [56] [57]}

In that location are claims that comparatively gratuitous marketplace contest inflates the prices of frames, which price an boilerplate of $25–$50 U.Southward. to make, to an average retail price of $300 in the United States. This claim is disputed by some in the industry.^{[58] [59] [threescore]}

Redistribution [edit]

Some organizations like Lions Clubs International,^[61] Unite For Sight,^[62] ReSpectacle,^[63] and New Eyes for the Needy provide a mode to donate glasses and sunglasses to people on low incomes or no income. Unite For Sight has redistributed more than 200,000 Pairs.^[64]

Way [edit]

Glasses - Decoration, Presi HQ, Budapest

Many people crave glasses for the reasons listed above. There are many shapes, colors, and materials that can be used when designing frames and lenses that can be utilized in various combinations. Often, the selection of a frame is made based on how it will affect the appearance of the wearer. Some people with proficient natural eyesight like to wear eyeglasses as a style accompaniment. In Nihon, some companies ban women from wearing glasses.^[65]

Personal image [edit]

For most of their history, eyeglasses were seen equally unfashionable, and carried several potentially negative connotations: wearing glasses caused individuals to be stigmatized and stereotyped as pious clergymen, as those in religious vocation were the well-nigh likely to be literate and therefore the most likely to need reading glasses, elderly, or physically weak and passive.^{[66] [67]} The stigma began to fall abroad in the United States of America in the early 1900s when the popular Theodore Roosevelt was regularly photographed wearing eyeglasses, and in the 1910s when popular comedian Harold Lloyd began wearing a pair of horn-rimmed glasses as the "Spectacles" character in his films.^{[66] [67]}

In the United Kingdom, wearing glasses was characterised in the nineteenth century, as "a sure sign of the weakling and the mollycoddle", according to Neville Cardus, writing in 1928.^[68] "Tim" Killick was the get-go professional cricketer to play while wearing spectacles "continuously", after his vision deteriorated in 1897. "With their aid he placed himself in the forefront amongst English language professionals of all-round abilities."^[68]

Since eyeglasses have get an acceptable way detail and often human action every bit a cardinal component in individuals' personal image. Musicians Buddy Holly and John Lennon became synonymous with the styles of middle-glasses they wore to the point that thick, black horn-rimmed glasses are often called "Buddy Holly glasses" and perfectly round metallic eyeglass frames called "John Lennon glasses" (or, more recently, "Harry Potter glasses"). British comedic actor Eric Sykes was known in the United Kingdom for wearing thick, square, horn-rimmed spectacles, which were, in fact, a sophisticated hearing aid that alleviated his deafness by allowing him to "hear" vibrations.^[69] Some celebrities have get so associated with their eyeglasses that they continued to wear them even after taking other measures confronting vision problems: United States Senator Barry Goldwater and comedian Drew Carey continued to clothing non-prescription glasses later being fitted for contacts and getting laser eye surgery, respectively.

Other celebrities have used glasses to differentiate themselves from the characters they play, such as Anne Kirkbride, who wore oversized, 1980s-mode circular horn-rimmed spectacles as Deirdre Barlow in the soap opera Coronation Street, and Masaharu Morimoto, who wears glasses to separate his professional person persona every bit a chef from his phase persona as Iron Chef Japanese. In 2012 some NBA players wear lensless glasses with thick plastic frames like horn-rimmed glasses during mail-game interviews, geek chic that draws comparisons to actor Jaleel White's infamous styling every bit TV character Steve Urkel.^{[lxx] [71]}

In superhero fiction, eyeglasses take get a standard component of various heroes' disguises as masks, allowing them to adopt a nondescript demeanor when they are non in their superhero personae: Superman is well known for wearing 1950s mode horn-rimmed spectacles every bit Clark Kent, while Wonder Woman wears either circular, Harold Lloyd style spectacles or 1970s style bug-eye spectacles every bit Diana Prince. An example of the halo event is seen in the stereotype that those who wear glasses are intelligent. This belief can accept positive consequences for people who vesture glasses, for example in elections. Studies show that wearing glasses increases politicians' electoral success, at least in Western cultures.^[72]

Styles [edit]

In the 20th century, eyeglasses came to be considered a component of fashion; as such, diverse dissimilar styles accept come up in and out of popularity. Nigh are still in regular use, admitting with varying degrees of frequency.

• Aviator sunglasses
• Browline glasses
• Problems-eye spectacles
• Cat eye glasses
• GI glasses
• Goggles
• Horn-rimmed spectacles
• Lensless glasses
• Monocle
• Pince-nez
• Rimless glasses
• Sunglasses
• Wayfarer sunglasses
• Windsor spectacles

See also [edit]

• Adjustable-focus eyeglasses
• Baden-Powell'south unilens
• Heart examination
• Eyeglass prescription
• History of eyes
• X-ray vision
• Plurale tantum

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Chinese judges wore dark glasses to hibernate their facial expressions during court proceedings.^[28]
2. ^ In his treatise Advertisement Vitellionem paralipomena [Emendations (or Supplement) to Witelo] (1604), Kepler explained how eyeglass lenses compensate for the distortions that are caused by presbyopia or myopia, so that the image is over again properly focused on the retina.^{[36] [37]}
3. ^ Laufer, Berthold (1907), Geschichte der Brille (PDF), vol. half-dozen, p. 26, retrieved 29 May 2019 Translation:

   I am interested in the remarks of Prof. J. HIRSCHBERG on the "History of the Invention of Spectacles" published in the terminal issue of this journal (Volume Vi, pp. 221–223) and the subsequent discussion by Prof. GÜPPERT. The book by HIRSCHBERG mentioned therein, in which his theory should be presented in particular, has not even so become accessible to me. I, therefore, limit my criticism of it as far as possible and prefer to prove, by ways of new fabric from Chinese literature, that the view of the original invention of spectacles in India is the greatest probability. HIRSCHBERG theory is highly unlikely, as all previous experience has shown and contradicts analogies in cultural history and in the history of inventions in particular; Crystal spectacles appear in the European Middle Ages, in India, and in Cathay, and from the historical point of view i can suppose from the commencement that these inventions did not occur independently in each of these three cultural groups, simply that a historical connection is hither present.

References [edit]

1. ^ "Eyeglasses - All What You Need to Know", Eyewa Blog , retrieved 24 March 2020
2. ^ "Sunglasses non just an accessory in the Sunshine Country", Dominicus-Lookout.com , retrieved ten April 2018
3. ^ Loria, Kevin (21 February 2017), "Computer glasses that claim to protect your eyes from screens are selling like crazy, simply they probably aren't doing y'all much skilful", Business Insider
4. ^ Heiting, Gary, "Computer Middle Strain: 10 Steps For Relief", All almost vision.com , retrieved 1 September 2017
5. ^ "BluTech Lenses – Technology, The story behind BluTech Lenses", BluTech Lenses
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Vimont, Celia (27 April 2017), Are Computer Spectacles Worth It?, Reviewed by Rahul Khurana, MD, American University of Ophthalmology, archived from the original on 23 September 2020
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General bibliography [edit]

• Ilardi, Vincent (2007), Renaissance Vision from Glasses to Telescopes, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Guild, ISBN9780871692597 .
• Needham, Joseph (1962), "Office 1", Science & Culture in Cathay, vol. IV, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN9780521058025 .

External links [edit]

This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 31 March 2008 (2008-03-31), and does not reverberate subsequent edits.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glasses.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Glasses

• Spectacles Gallery at the British Optical Association Museum
• "Glasses", The Medieval Applied science, NYU, archived from the original on 16 October 2015, retrieved 15 June 2009 .
• "Are Your Eyes Right", Popular Science (article), February 1944 , on eyes and how eyeglasses correct vision (page 120).
• "Common Glasses Styles before, during and after the Civil State of war" (2012 article) via the Internet Archive; Antiquarian Eyeglasses in America.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasses

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